Black-Scholes formulae

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The Black-Scholes formulae give the theoretical values of financial options in the Black-Scholes world in which the underlying asset follows a lognormal random walk.

The value of a European call option with asset price S, at time t, with strike K, expiration T, asset volatility \sigma and risk-free interest rate r is

SN\left(d_1\right)-Ke^{-r(T-t)}N\left(d_2\right)

where d_1=\frac{\ln(S/K)+\left(r+\frac{1}{2}\sigma^2\right)(T-t)}{\sigma \sqrt{T-t}}, d_2=d_1-\sigma \sqrt{T-t} and N(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}}\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{1}{2}s^2}ds.

The value of a European put option is

Ke^{-r(T-t)}N\left(-d_2\right)-SN\left(-d_1\right).

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